Demographic and Health Survey 2014-2015
Rwanda, 2014 - 2015
Get MicrodataIdentification
rwa-nisr-rdhs5-2014-2015-v01
Demographic and Health Survey 2014-2015
RDHS-V 2014-2015
Enquête Démographique et de Santé 2014-2015
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Rwanda | rwa |
Demographic and Health Survey [hh/dhs]
The Fifth Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey (RDHS-V) in 2014 follows those implemented in 1992, 2000, 2005 and 2010. The National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR) conducted the RDHS-V to provide up-to-date information on fertility and childhood mortality levels; fertility preferences; awareness, approval and use of family planning methods; maternal and child health; knowledge and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STI), and prevalence of HIV among the adult population.
The 2014-2015 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey is a national sample survey designed to provide information on population, family planning, maternal and child health, child survival, HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), reproductive health, and nutrition in Rwanda. The RDHS-V l involved interviewing a randomly selected group of women who are between 15 and 49 years of age. Additionally, a sub-sample of randomly selected men between 15 and 59 years of age were interviewed in one household in every two selected for the female survey.
Sample survey data [ssd]
The unit analysis of this survey are households and individuals.
Version
v1: Edited anonymous dataset for public distribution
2015
Scope
The Household Questionnaire was used to list all the usual members and visitors in the selected households as well as to identify women and men eligible for individual interviews. Basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of household. For children under 18, survival status of the parents was determined.
The Woman's Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women age 15-49 and was organized by the following sections:
• Respondent background characteristics
• Reproduction, including a complete birth and death history of respondents' children and information on abortion
• Contraception
• Pregnancy and postnatal care
• Child's immunization, health, and nutrition
• Marriage and sexual activity
• Fertility preferences
• Husband's background and woman's work
• HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections
• Other health issues
• Adult mortality
• Relationship in the household
The Man's Questionnaire consists of a cover page and eight sections as follows:
· Respondent's Background
· Reproduction
· Contraception
· Marriage and Sexual Activity
· Fertility Preferences
· Employment and Gender Roles
· HIV/AIDS
· Other Health Issues
· Relations in the household /Male Domestic Violence
Most of the questions in the Man's Questionnaire are similar to the Woman's Questionnaire. However, in most cases, the questions appear in a different order and have different question numbers.
Coverage
The Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey 2014-2015 was a nation-wide survey.
This sample survey covered men aged 15-59 years, Women aged 15-49 and Children aged 0-5 years
Producers and sponsors
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda | Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda | Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning | Main producer |
| Rwanda Biomedical Center | Ministry of Health | Technical Assistance |
| Macro International Company | Technical Assistance (questionnaire design, sampling methodology, data collection, data processing,data analysis) |
| Name | Abbreviation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Government of Rwanda | GoR | Funding |
| Partners in Health | PIH | Financial partner |
| One UN | One UN | Financial partner |
| United States Agency for International IDevelopment | USAID | Financial partner |
| Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria | GF | Financial partner |
| World Vision International | WVI | Financial partner |
| Suisse Development Cooperation | SDC | Financial partner |
Sampling
The sample for RDHS 2014-2015 was a stratified sample selected in two stages from the 2012 Population and Housing Census frame.
Stratification was achieved by separating each district into urban and rural areas. The urban and rural areas of each district form each a sampling stratum. In total, 60 sampling strata have been created. Samples were selected independently in each sampling stratum, by a two-stage selection. Implicit stratification and proportional allocation were achieved at each of the lower administrative unit levels by sorting the sampling frame within the explicit stratum according to administrative unit in different levels before sample selection and by using a probability proportional to size selection at the first stage of sampling.
In the first stage, 492 EAs were selected with probability proportional to the EA size and with independent selection in each sampling stratum with the sample allocation. A household listing operation was carried out in all of the selected EAs before the main survey. The household listing operation consisted of visiting each of the 492 selected EAs; to draw a location map and a detailed sketch map; and to record on the household listing forms all residential households found in the EA with the address and the name of the head of the households. The resulting list of households served as the sampling frame for the selection of households in the second stage. Some of the selected EAs were found large in size in the household listing operation. In order to minimize the task of household listing, the selected EAs with an estimated number of households greater than 300 were segmented. Only one segment was selected for the survey with probability proportional to the segment size. The methodology and the detailed household listing procedure are addressed in the household listing manual.
At the second stage, a fix number of 26 households was selected from each selected EA. Among the 492 EAs, 113 EAs were from urban areas and 379 EAs came from rural areas. The total number of household selected is 12792, among them, 2938 household were from urban areas, and 9854 households from rural areas.However, during data collection, one of the households was
found to actually be two households, which increased the total sample to 12,793. The urban area was slightly oversampled because of the low urbanization in most of the districts, where at least two urban clusters needed to be selected. With the request of representative results for some indicators at district level, the total sample size is tight and therefore an equal size allocation was adopted, with a slightly larger sample size for the districts in the province of Kigali City because the low fertility level in Kigali City. In fact, the equal size allocation is not far from the proportional allocation which is the best allocation, because the district sizes are quite homogeneous.
Regarding the coverage, all 492 enumeration areas selected for the sample were surveyed for the 2014-15 RDHS. A total of 12,793 households were selected, of which 12,717 were occupied at the time of the survey. Among these households, 12,699 completed the Household Questionnaire, yielding a response rate of 99.9 percent (Table 1.1). There was little variation in response rates by urban-rural residence. In the 12,699 households surveyed, 13,564 women age 15-49 were identified as being eligible for the individual interview; interviews were completed with 13,497 of these women, yielding a response rate of 99.5 percent. Male interviews were conducted in every second household. A total of 6,249 men age 15-59 were identified in this subsample of households. Of these men, 6,217 completed individual interviews, yielding a response rate of 99.5 percent. Response rates among men were slightly higher in rural areas, while rates among women were almost the same in rural and urban areas.
The household response rate was 98 percent; the women's individual response rate was 99 percent; and the men's individual response rate was 99 percent.
Due to the approximately equal sample sizes in each district, the sample is not self-weighting at the national level, and weighting factors have been added to the data file so that the results will be proportional at the national level.
Due to the non-proportional allocation of the sample to the different provinces and to their districts and the possible differences in response rates, sampling weights are required for any analysis using the 2014-15 RDHS-V data to ensure the actual representative of the survey results at national level and as well as at domain level. Since the RDHS sample is a two-stage stratified cluster sample, sampling weights were calculated based on sampling probabilities separately for each sampling stage and for each cluster.
Survey instrument
Three questionnaires were used for RDHS-V 2014-2015: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman's Questionnaire, and the Man's Questionnaire. They are based on questionnaires developed by the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) program and on questionnaires used during the 2005 RDHS, 2007-08 RIDHS and RDHS 2010 surveys. To reflect relevant issues in population and health in Rwanda, the questionnaires were adapted during a series of technical meetings with various stakeholders from government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and international donors. The questionnaires were translated from English into Kinyarwanda.
Data collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 2014-11-09 | 2015-04-08 |
Data collection for the 2014-15 RDHS was carried out by 17 field teams from November 9, 2014, to April 8, 2015. Each team was provided a vehicle with a driver. All questionnaires and blood specimens were transferred to the NISR office every 3-4 days by 10 supervisors from the NISR and NRL/RBC who also coordinated and supervised fieldwork activities. ICF International provided technical assistance during the entire five months of data collection period.
- Face-to-face [f2f]
| Name | Affiliation | Abbreviation |
|---|---|---|
| National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda | Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning | NSIR |
Seventeen (17) teams of field staff undertook and completed the data collection for this survey.
Each team was composed of a team leader (male), one controller or field editor (female), three female interviewers, one male interviewer, and a lab technician in charge of blood drawings and anthropometric measurements.
The responsibilities of team Controller and supervisor included:
• Spot-check some of the addresses selected for interviewing to be sure that correct households and respondents were interviewed.
• Review each questionnaire to ensure that it is complete and consistent;
• Observe some of their interviews to ensure that they (enumerators) are asking questions in the right manner and recording the answers correctly;
• Organize a daily meeting to discuss performance and give out future work assignments;
• Assist enumerators to handle problems they might have on field.
In order to strengthen quality control, NISR designated three (3) coordinators who were present in the field throughout the period of the survey. Furthermore, field work supervisions were conducted by NISR and RBC through regular visits to enumerator's teams to review their work and monitor data quality.
A pretest was conducted from August 25 to September 22, 2014. Thirty-four individuals (17 women and 17 men) participated in the four-week pretest training and fieldwork practice for the 2014-15 RDHS. The majority of participants had worked in previous RDHS surveys. Training was conducted by representatives from the NISR, the MOH, the RBC Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, the RBC HIV division, and the RBC NRL, with technical assistance from ICF International. UNICEF provided training on the early childhood development module. Classroom instruction was provided during the first three weeks, and pretest fieldwork took place over five days in three rural villages and two urban villages. After the fieldwork, a debriefing session was held with the pretest field staff, and modifications to the questionnaires were made based on lessons drawn from the exercise.
The main training for the 2014-15 RDHS started on October 5, 2014, and ended on November 2, 2014. A total of 136 participants from across the country were invited to participate in the training. They were selected based on merit. Eighty-eight of the participants were female, and 48 were male. From October 6-25, the training focused on the questionnaires. These sessions were conducted by NISR trainers with support from ICF International. Class presentations by trainers were followed by mock interviews, group practice, and role playing among participants in the classroom.
All participants were trained on the questionnaires through October 26. From October 27-30, 34 participants identified as health technicians were separated and trained on biomarkers. Meanwhile, the remaining participants continued to be trained on the questionnaires. Training on biomarkers was provided by representatives from the NRL with support from ICF International. Health technicians learned how to 12 • Introduction withdrawal blood samples for HIV testing, how to prepare blood slides for malaria testing, and how to conduct anemia and rapid malaria testing. In addition, procedures for handling and packaging dried blood spots and slides were reviewed and demonstrated. Training on taking anthropometry measurements (weight and height) was also covered in detail. Training included PowerPoint presentations to illustrate procedures and emphasized practice among lab technicians in order to ensure accuracy. At the end of the main training, 17 teams were formed, each consisting of a team leader, a field editor, a health technician, a male interviewer, and three female interviewers. Team leaders received additional training on how to identify the selected households and different subsamples, data quality control procedures, and fieldwork coordination. Field editors received additional training on how to edit the questionnaires and on data quality control procedures.
Data collection for the 2014-15 RDHS was carried out by 17 field teams from November 9, 2014, to April 8, 2015. Each team was provided a vehicle with a driver. All questionnaires and blood specimens were transferred to the NISR office every 3-4 days by 10 supervisors from the NISR and NRL/RBC who also coordinated and supervised fieldwork activities. ICF International provided technical assistance during the entire five months of data collection period.
In addition to face-to-face question, height and weight were measured, anemia and Malaria were tested for all eligible women (15-49) and children aged 0-5 years in 50% of the Households sampled. Similarly, height and weight were measured for all eligible men (15-59) in Households selected for man survey (i. e in the remaining 50% of Households sampled).
Also, HIV testing was done from all women (15-49) and men (15-59), and for children (0-14) in a half of Households selected for man survey (i.e 25% of all sampled Households).
Data processing
editing was achieved by using CSPro, the software developed by the MEASURE DHS+ project and the Bureau of the Census of the United States. ICF International provided training on data entry, editing, and tabulation programs using CSPro and provided assistance to NISR for installing the programs and the entire data processing system for the RDHS-V.
Data entry, which included 100 percent double entry to minimize keying errors, and data editing were completed on April 26, 2015. Data cleaning and finalization were completed on May 15, 2015.
Data appraisal
The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) non-sampling errors, and (2) sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors.
Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2014-15 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey (RDHS) to minimize this type of error, non-sampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically. Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2014-15 RDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and identical size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples.
Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results. A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design. If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors.
However, the 2014-15 RDHS sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulae. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the 2014-15 RDHS is a SAS program. This program used the Taylor linearization method for variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates. The Taylor linearization method treats any percentage or average as a ratio estimate, r = y/x, where y represents the total sample value for variable y, and x represents the total number of cases in the group or subgroup under consideration. The variance of r is computed using the formula given below, with the standard error being the square root of the variance.
Hence, Sampling errors for the 2014-15 RDHS are calculated for selected variables considered to be of primary interest for woman’s survey and for man’s surveys, respectively. The confidence interval (e.g., as calculated for children ever born to women over age 40) can be interpreted as follows: the overall average from the national sample is 5.482 and its standard error is 0.060. Therefore, to obtain the 95 percent confidence limits, one adds and subtracts twice the standard error to the sample estimate, i.e., 5.482±2×0.060. There is a high probability (95 percent) that the true average number of children ever born to all women age 40-49 is between 5.361 and 5.603. For the total sample, the value of the design effect (DEFT), averaged over all variables for the women's survey, is 1.181 which means that, due to multistage and clustering of the sample, the average standard error is increased by a factor of 1.181 over that in an equivalent simple random sample.
Data Access
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda | Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning | www.statistics.gov.rw | info@statistics.gov.rw |
| Is signing of a confidentiality declaration required? | Confidentiality declaration text |
|---|---|
| yes | By accepting the terms of Conditions of Microdata access, the user agrees to respect the confidentiality. |
This is a public use file (accessible to all).
National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda. Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey 2014-2015. Version 1.Kigali:NISR, 2016
Disclaimer and copyrights
(c)2015, National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Data Portals Management Officer | National Institute of statistics of Rwanda | rwanda.nada@statistics.gov.rw | www.statistics.gov.rw |
Metadata production
ddi-rwa-nisr-rdhs5-2014-2015-v1
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda | NISR | Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning | Study Description |
2016-05-24
Metadata version
v1