| Table of contents |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of figures, tables and maps........................................................................................................ iv
Figures ........................................................................................................................................... iv
Tables ............................................................................................................................................ vi
Maps .............................................................................................................................................. vii
Acronyms and abbreviations.............................................................................................................viii
Foreword ........................................................................................................................................ x
Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ xii
Key findings ..................................................................................................................................... 2
1. Background ............................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Macro-economic context ................................................................................................... 6
1.2 Social and development context ........................................................................................ 7
1.3 Poverty levels ..................................................................................................................... 8
1.4 Income equality ................................................................................................................. 8
1.5 Gender ............................................................................................................................... 8
1.6 Government development polices ..................................................................................... 8
1.6.1 Vision 2020 ................................................................................................................. 8
1.6.2 Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategies (EDPRS 1 and 2) ................ 9
1.7 Food security trends......................................................................................................... 10
2. Rationale and objectives ......................................................................................................... 11
3. Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 12
3.1 The food security and nutritional conceptual framework ................................................. 12
3.2 Food security concepts ..................................................................................................... 13
3.2.1 Food security ............................................................................................................ 13
3.2.2 Nutritional status and nutritional security ................................................................ 13
3.3 Primary data collection .................................................................................................... 13
3.3.1 Food security indicators............................................................................................ 14
3.4 Secondary data collection ................................................................................................ 16
3.5 Study limitations .............................................................................................................. 16
3.5.1 Sample sizes ............................................................................................................. 16
3.5.2 Comparison with previous CFSVA surveys ................................................................. 16
4. Food availability, markets and production .............................................................................. 17
4.1 Domestic food production ................................................................................................ 17
4.2 Food stocks ...................................................................................................................... 20
4.3 Market environment and trade ........................................................................................ 20
4.3.1 Import/exports ......................................................................................................... 20
4.4 Market access, market dependence and purchasing behaviour of households ................. 22
4.4.1 Household market participation ............................................................................... 22
4.4.2 Physical access to market ......................................................................................... 25
4.4.3 Household Food access issues .................................................................................. 26
4.4.1 Terms of trade .......................................................................................................... 27
4.5 Market performance ........................................................................................................ 27
4.5.1 General trade flows .................................................................................................. 27
4.5.2 CPI/Inflation ............................................................................................................. 29
4.5.3 Price trends and seasonality analysis ........................................................................ 29
4.5.4 Price anomalies ........................................................................................................ 31
4.5.5 Market integration analysis ...................................................................................... 31
5. The state of food security in Rwanda ...................................................................................... 33
5.1 Household food security .................................................................................................. 33
5.1.1 Food consumption .................................................................................................... 38
5.1.2 Household dietary diversity ...................................................................................... 40
5.1.3 Nutritional value of food items consumed ................................................................ 41
5.2 Food security based on the Food Consumption Score ....................................................... 44
6. Who are the food insecure? .................................................................................................... 46
6.1 Household demographics ................................................................................................. 46
6.2 Characteristics of household head .................................................................................... 47
6.3 Wealth and poverty ......................................................................................................... 48
6.3.1 Expenditures ............................................................................................................ 48
6.3.2 Wealth index ............................................................................................................ 50
6.4 Livelihoods activities ........................................................................................................ 52
6.4.1 Characteristics of livelihood groups in terms of food security ................................... 55
6.5 Location of household ...................................................................................................... 60
6.6 Farming practices and food security ................................................................................. 61
6.6.1 Livestock ownership ................................................................................................. 61
6.6.2 Size of agricultural land owned ................................................................................. 63
6.6.3 Number of crops grown ............................................................................................ 64
6.6.4 Stock duration .......................................................................................................... 64
6.6.5 Use of agricultural production .................................................................................. 65
6.6.6 Vegetable gardens .................................................................................................... 65
7. Nutrition status in children and women.................................................................................. 66
7.1 Nutritional status in children ............................................................................................ 66
7.2 Child food consumption ................................................................................................... 69
7.3 Women's nutritional status .............................................................................................. 70
7.4 Food consumption among women ................................................................................... 71
8. Factors related to malnutrition in children ............................................................................. 73
8.1 Individual and immediate factors related to malnutrition ................................................. 73
8.1.1 Mothers' education and nutritional status ................................................................ 73
8.1.2 Child sex, size at birth and age .................................................................................. 74
8.1.3 Child illness .............................................................................................................. 75
8.2 Community and household level factors related to malnutrition ...................................... 75
8.2.1 Hygiene .................................................................................................................... 75
8.2.2 Water and sanitation ................................................................................................ 76
8.2.3 Wealth and food security status of the household .................................................... 77
8.3 Overlap of food insecurity and stunting by livelihood zone ............................................... 79
8.3.1 Convergence of food insecurity and malnutrition by district ..................................... 80
9. Shocks and household vulnerability to food insecurity ........................................................... 81
9.1 Shocks affecting the food security situation ..................................................................... 81
9.1.1 Type of Shocks affecting households in Rwanda ....................................................... 82
9.1.2 Shock impact and recovery ....................................................................................... 88
9.1.3 HouseholdS' strategies to cope with specific shocks ................................................. 88
9.2 Reduced coping strategies index ...................................................................................... 88
9.3 Asset depletion and livelihood coping strategies .............................................................. 92
10. Assistance ........................................................................................................................... 94
10.1 Social protection policy .................................................................................................... 94
10.2 Social protection programmes ......................................................................................... 94
10.3 Assistance received by households ................................................................................... 96
10.3.1 Providers of assistance ............................................................................................. 97
10.3.2 Households targeted for assistance .......................................................................... 98
10.3.3 Assistance from friends and relatives and remittances ............................................. 99
10.3.4 Likelihood of households taking loans....................................................................... 99
11. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 101
12. Recommendations ............................................................................................................ 105
13. References ........................................................................................................................ 113
14. Annexes (Included in the CD-ROM) ................................................................................... 114 |
